| Table 3. Trait definitions and heritabilities
used in national evaluations for |
| Holstein and Jersey conformation as provided by participating countries
(parameters and |
| trait definitions for Holstein and Jersey are identical in Australia and New
Zealand) |
|
|
|
| AUS=Australia, BEL=Belgium, CAN=Canada, CHE=Switzerland, CHR=Swizerland (Red
Holstein), |
| DEU=Germany, DNK=Denmark,
ESP=Spain, FIN=Finland, FRA=France, GBR=United Kingdom, |
| HUN=Hungary,
ITA=Italy, NLD=Netherlands, NZL=New Zealand, POL=Poland, SWE=Sweden, |
| USA=United States, ZAF=Rep. of South
Africa |
|
| Trait: |
Stature |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
0.45 |
Height of rump between hips |
| BEL |
0.50 |
Height of rump between hips |
| CAN |
0.53 |
Height at hips (Holstein) |
|
0.42 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.42 |
Wither height |
| CHR |
0.45 |
Height at withers |
| DEU |
0.41 |
Stature |
| DNK |
0.60 |
Stature (Holstein) |
|
0.42 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.41 |
Height at rump between hips |
| FIN |
0.74 |
Height at withers |
| FRA |
0.47 |
Height at Sacrum |
| GBR |
0.48 |
Stature (Holstein) |
|
0.44 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| HUN |
0.43 |
Stature |
| ITA |
0.38 |
Stature |
| NLD |
0.60 |
Distance ground to hip bone/vertebrae |
| NZL |
0.40 |
Hight at the shoulders of the animal |
| POL |
0.63 |
Stature |
| SWE |
0.35 |
Height at rump between hip bones |
| USA |
0.42 |
Distance ground to hip bone/vertebrae (Holstein) |
|
0.39 |
Stature (Jersey) |
| ZAF |
0.20 |
Wither height |
|
| Trait: |
Chest width |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
0.24 |
Distance between fore legs |
| BEL |
0.20 |
Distance between fore legs |
| CAN |
0.27 |
Chest width (Holstein) |
|
0.16 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.31 |
Distance between fore legs |
| CHR |
0.20 |
Distance between fore legs |
| DEU |
0.18 |
Chest width |
| DNK |
0.18 |
Chest width (Holstein) |
|
0.17 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.20 |
Distance between fore legs |
| FIN |
- |
- |
| FRA |
0.36 |
Chest Depth |
| GBR |
0.25 |
Chest width (Holstein) |
|
0.18 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| HUN |
0.28 |
Chest width |
| ITA |
0.29 |
Chest width |
| NLD |
0.30 |
Distance between front legs |
| NZL |
- |
- |
| POL |
0.13 |
Chest width |
| SWE |
0.20 |
Width between front legs, between shoulder blades and fore rib |
| USA |
0.31 |
Width of chest, muzzle, and substance of bone (Holstein) |
|
0.25 |
Strength (Jersey) |
| ZAF |
0.08 |
Chest width |
|
| Trait: |
Body depth |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
0.24 |
Depth of the last rib |
| BEL |
0.33 |
Depth of the last rib |
| CAN |
0.32 |
Body depth (Holstein) |
|
0.27 |
Capacity
(Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.31 |
Deepest point of the body |
| CHR |
0.36 |
Depth of the last rib |
| DEU |
0.24 |
Body depth |
| DNK |
0.31 |
Body depth (Holstein) |
|
0.25 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.26 |
Depth and width of rib cage, side view |
| FIN |
- |
- |
| FRA |
0.36 |
Chest Depth |
| GBR |
0.43 |
Body depth (Holstein) |
|
0.27 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| HUN |
0.30 |
Body depth |
| ITA |
0.31 |
Body depth |
| NLD |
0.35 |
Depth and width of rib cage, related to stature |
| NZL |
0.24 |
Strength and depth of chest and body, viewed from side, rear
and front, in relation to physical size |
| POL |
0.15 |
Body depth |
| SWE |
0.30 |
Depth at the rear rib |
| USA |
0.37 |
Depth of rib cage (Holstein) |
|
0.26 |
Body depth
(Jersey) |
| ZAF |
0.18 |
Body depth |
|
| Trait: |
Angularity |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
0.24 |
Angularity |
| BEL |
0.32 |
Angularity |
| CAN |
0.30 |
Dairy character (Holstein) |
|
0.21 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.22 |
Openess and angle of ribs, flatness of bone |
| CHR |
- |
- |
| DEU |
0.24 |
Angularity |
| DNK |
0.31 |
Dairy form (Holstein) |
|
0.27 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.28 |
Sharpness of back and thights, openess of ribs, flatness of
bone |
| FIN |
- |
- |
| FRA |
- |
- |
| GBR |
0.33 |
Angularity (Holstein) |
|
0.29 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| HUN |
0.26 |
Angularity |
| ITA |
0.31 |
Angularity |
| NLD |
0.35 |
Sharpness of back and thights, openess of ribs, flatness of
bone |
| NZL |
- |
- |
| POL |
0.37 |
Angularity |
| SWE |
0.35 |
Dairyness |
| USA |
0.29 |
Dairy Form (Holstein) |
|
0.23 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| ZAF |
0.14 |
Dairy form |
|
| Trait: |
Rump angle |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
0.24 |
Angle of the rump from hips to pins |
| BEL |
0.28 |
Angle of the rump from hips to pins |
| CAN |
0.43 |
Rump angle (Holstein) |
|
0.15 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.40 |
Angle of the rump from hips to pins |
| CHR |
0.37 |
Angle of the rump from hips to pins, side view |
| DEU |
0.26 |
Rump angle |
| DNK |
0.32 |
Rump, side view (Holstein) |
|
0.29 |
Rump angle
(Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.30 |
Angle of the rump from hips to pins |
| FIN |
- |
- |
| FRA |
0.34 |
Rump angle |
| GBR |
0.31 |
Rump angle (Holstein) |
|
0.29 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| HUN |
0.28 |
Rump angle |
| ITA |
0.25 |
Rump angle |
| NLD |
0.35 |
Slope from hips to pins |
| NZL |
0.24 |
Angle of a line between the centre of the hips and the top of
the pins |
| POL |
0.25 |
Rump angle |
| SWE |
0.35 |
Slope from hips to pins |
| USA |
0.33 |
Angle of the rump structure from hooks to pins (Holstein) |
|
0.31 |
Rump angle (Jersey) |
| ZAF |
0.15 |
Rump angle |
|
| Trait: |
Rump width |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
0.24 |
Distance between pins |
| BEL |
0.28 |
Distance between pins |
| CAN |
0.34 |
Width at pins
(Holstein) |
|
0.23 |
Width at thurls (Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.51 |
Distance between pins |
| CHR |
0.24 |
Distance between pins |
| DEU |
0.28 |
Rump width |
| DNK |
0.27 |
Rump width (Holstein) |
|
0.32 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.28 |
Distance between pins |
| FIN |
- |
- |
| FRA |
0.32 |
Width at Hips |
| GBR |
0.30 |
Rump width (Holstein) |
|
0.24 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| HUN |
0.21 |
Rump width |
| ITA |
0.29 |
Rump width |
| NLD |
0.30 |
Distance between pins |
| NZL |
0.23 |
Width of pins, hips and thurls relative to the size |
| POL |
0.24 |
Rump width |
| SWE |
0.30 |
Distance between pins |
| USA |
0.26 |
Distance between inside wall of pins (Holstein) |
|
0.20 |
Thurl width (Jersey) |
| ZAF |
0.17 |
Thurl width |
|
| Trait: |
Rear leg set |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
0.17 |
Side view of the angle of the hock in the rear leg |
| BEL |
0.19 |
Side view of the angle of the hock in the rear leg |
| CAN |
0.26 |
Rear legs side view (Holstein) |
|
0.15 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.16 |
Side view of the angle of the hock in the rear leg |
| CHR |
0.27 |
Side view of the angle of the hock in the rear leg |
| DEU |
0.15 |
Rear leg set |
| DNK |
0.23 |
Rear legs side view (Holstein) |
|
0.14 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.17 |
Side view of the angle of the hock in the rear leg |
| FIN |
0.26 |
Side view of the angle of the hock in the rear leg |
| FRA |
0.07 |
Rear leg set |
| GBR |
0.20 |
Rear leg set (Holstein) |
|
0.18 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| HUN |
0.13 |
Rear leg set |
| ITA |
0.16 |
Rear leg set |
| NLD |
0.35 |
Curve in the hock, side view |
| NZL |
0.07 |
Straightness or curvature of the back legs |
| POL |
0.12 |
Rear leg set |
| SWE |
0.20 |
Hock angle, side view |
| USA |
0.21 |
Amount of set to the hock joint (Holstein) |
|
0.10 |
Rear legs (Jersey) |
| ZAF |
0.07 |
Rear leg set |
|
| Trait: |
Rear leg rear view |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
- |
- |
| BEL |
- |
- |
| CAN |
0.10 |
Rear leg rear view (Holstein) |
|
- |
-
(Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.12 |
Rear leg rear view |
| CHR |
- |
- |
| DEU |
0.15 |
Angle of toe out of the rear feet |
| DNK |
0.13 |
Rear leg rear view (Holstein) |
|
0.12 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.12 |
Rear leg rear view |
| FIN |
- |
- |
| FRA |
- |
- |
| GBR |
0.10 |
Locomotion (Holstein) |
|
- |
-
(Jersey) |
| HUN |
0.05 |
Rear leg rear view |
| ITA |
0.15 |
Rear leg rear view |
| NLD |
0.15 |
Amount of hock-in and/or toe-out |
| NZL |
- |
- |
| POL |
- |
- |
| SWE |
0.20 |
Parallellity of hind legs |
| USA |
0.15 |
Amount of hock-in and/or toe-out (Holstein) |
|
- |
- (Jersey) |
| ZAF |
- |
- |
|
| Trait: |
Foot angle |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
0.21 |
Side view foot diagonal |
| BEL |
0.14 |
Foot angle |
| CAN |
0.13 |
Foot angle (Holstein) |
|
0.09 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.11 |
Heel depth |
| CHR |
0.22 |
Foot angle |
| DEU |
0.12 |
Foot angle |
| DNK |
0.13 |
Foot angle (Holstein) |
|
0.09 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.14 |
Side view of the rear foot angle |
| FIN |
0.25 |
Angle between ground and the middle of the rear foot and claw,
side view |
| FRA |
0.10 |
Heel depth |
| GBR |
0.14 |
Foot angle (Holstein) |
|
0.25 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| HUN |
0.08 |
Foot angle |
| ITA |
0.18 |
Foot angle |
| NLD |
0.20 |
Foot angle |
| NZL |
- |
- |
| POL |
0.17 |
Foot angle |
| SWE |
0.20 |
Toe angle formed by slope of upper claw and sole |
| USA |
0.15 |
Steepness of the angle of the foot (Holstein) |
|
0.10 |
Foot angle (Jersey) |
| ZAF |
0.11 |
Foot angle |
|
| Trait: |
Fore udder |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
0.24 |
Strength and quality of attachment between body and fore udder
- side view |
| BEL |
0.24 |
Strength of attachment between body and fore udder |
| CAN |
0.27 |
Fore udder attachment (Holstein) |
|
0.20 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.22 |
Strength and quality of attachment between body and fore udder
- side view |
| CHR |
0.31 |
Attachment between body and fore udder |
| DEU |
0.21 |
Fore udder |
| DNK |
0.24 |
Strength of attachement (Holstein) |
|
0.25 |
Fore udder attachement
(Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.21 |
Strength and quality of attachment between body and fore udder |
| FIN |
0.28 |
Strength and quality of attachment between body and fore udder
- side view |
| FRA |
0.20 |
Fore udder |
| GBR |
0.21 |
Fore udder (Holstein) |
|
0.24 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| HUN |
0.14 |
Fore udder |
| ITA |
0.15 |
Fore udder |
| NLD |
0.35 |
Angle between the fore udder and body wall |
| NZL |
0.21 |
How well the front udder is attached to the body wall |
| POL |
0.17 |
Fore udder |
| SWE |
0.30 |
Strength of attachement |
| USA |
0.29 |
Strength of the udder attachment to the body wall by lateral
ligaments (Holstein) |
|
0.22 |
Fore udder attachement (Jersey) |
| ZAF |
0.08 |
Fore udder |
|
| Trait: |
Rear udder height |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
0.27 |
Distance between vulva and milk secreting tissue |
| BEL |
0.27 |
Distance between vulva and milk secreting tissue |
| CAN |
0.24 |
Rear udder height (Holstein) |
|
0.21 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.24 |
Distance between vulva and milk secreting tissue |
| CHR |
0.36 |
Distance between vulva and milk secreting tissue |
| DEU |
0.22 |
Rear udder heigth |
| DNK |
0.22 |
Rear udder width (Holstein) |
|
0.25 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.22 |
Distance between vulva and milk secreting tissue |
| FIN |
0.31 |
Distance between vulva and milk secreting tissue |
| FRA |
0.20 |
Rear udder heigth |
| GBR |
0.27 |
Rear udder heigth (Holstein) |
|
0.25 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| HUN |
0.15 |
Distance between highest point of udder and middle point of
hock-pin line |
| ITA |
0.20 |
Rear udder heigth |
| NLD |
0.35 |
Distance between vulva and udder fold |
| NZL |
0.24 |
Height and width of the rear udder attachment as distinct from
udder support |
| POL |
0.23 |
Read udder height |
| SWE |
0.35 |
Distance between base of vulva and top of milk secreting
tissue |
| USA |
0.28 |
Point of rear udder attachment (Holstein) |
|
0.26 |
Rear udder height
(Jersey) |
| ZAF |
0.14 |
Rear udder height |
|
| Trait: |
Udder support |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
0.27 |
Cleft of udder |
| BEL |
0.20 |
Ligament |
| CAN |
0.15 |
Median suspensory (Holstein) |
|
0.22 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.26 |
Cleft of udder |
| CHR |
0.34 |
Visibility of suspensory ligament |
| DEU |
0.13 |
Udder support |
| DNK |
0.19 |
Udder cleft (Holstein) |
|
0.17 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.17 |
Cleft of udder |
| FIN |
0.22 |
Central ligament |
| FRA |
0.26 |
Udder cleft |
| GBR |
0.23 |
Udder support (Holstein) |
|
0.14 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| HUN |
0.12 |
Udder support |
| ITA |
0.15 |
Udder support |
| NLD |
0.25 |
Suspensory ligament |
| NZL |
0.23 |
Strength of the suspensory ligament as viewed from the rear |
| POL |
0.12 |
Udder support |
| SWE |
0.15 |
Depth of udder cleft, strength of ligament |
| USA |
0.24 |
Depth of the cleft through the front and rear udder (Holstein) |
|
0.20 |
Suspensory ligament (Jersey) |
| ZAF |
0.09 |
Udder support |
|
| Trait: |
Udder depth |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
0.24 |
Distance between hock and bottom of udder |
| BEL |
0.27 |
Distance between hock and bottom of udder |
| CAN |
0.39 |
Udder depth (Holstein) |
|
0.33 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.28 |
Distance between hock and bottom of udder |
| CHR |
0.34 |
Distance between hock and bottom of udder |
| DEU |
0.26 |
Udder depth |
| DNK |
0.36 |
Udder depth (Holstein) |
|
0.37 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.30 |
Distance between hock and bottom of udder |
| FIN |
0.32 |
Distance between hock and bottom of udder - rear view |
| FRA |
0.35 |
Udder-hocks distance |
| GBR |
0.34 |
Udder depth (Holstein) |
|
0.33 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| HUN |
0.27 |
Udder depth |
| ITA |
0.29 |
Udder depth |
| NLD |
0.45 |
Distance between udder floor and ground, related to stature |
| NZL |
- |
- |
| POL |
0.21 |
Udder depth |
| SWE |
0.20 |
Distance between udder base and hock |
| USA |
0.28 |
Distance between hock and udder floor (Holstein) |
|
0.38 |
Udder depth (Jersey) |
| ZAF |
0.15 |
Udder depth |
|
| Trait: |
Teat placement |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
0.33 |
Placement of front teats - front view |
| BEL |
0.32 |
Placement of front teats |
| CAN |
0.31 |
Front teat placement (Holstein) |
|
0.27 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.43 |
Placement of front teats |
| CHR |
0.48 |
Placement of front teats - front view |
| DEU |
0.22 |
Teat placement |
| DNK |
0.40 |
Front teat placement (Holstein) |
|
0.41 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.25 |
Distance between front teats |
| FIN |
0.42 |
Placement of front teats - front view |
| FRA |
0.30 |
Front teat placement |
| GBR |
0.28 |
Teat placement
(Holstein) |
|
0.34 |
Rear teat placement (Jersey) |
| HUN |
0.20 |
Teat placement |
| ITA |
0.22 |
Teat placement |
| NLD |
0.45 |
Distance between tips of teats, front view |
| NZL |
0.28 |
Placement of the front teats relative to the centre of the
quarters as viewed from the rear |
| POL |
0.20 |
Teat placement |
| SWE |
0.20 |
Placement of teat on the udder quarter |
| USA |
0.26 |
Placement of front teats viewed from the rear (Holstein) |
|
0.24 |
Front teat placement (Jersey) |
| ZAF |
0.17 |
Teat placement |
|
| Trait: |
Teat length |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
0.24 |
Length of front teats - side view |
| BEL |
0.29 |
Length of front teats |
| CAN |
0.30 |
Front teat length (Holstein) |
|
- |
-
(Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.40 |
Length of front teats - side view |
| CHR |
0.51 |
Length of front teats - side view |
| DEU |
0.25 |
Teat length |
| DNK |
0.41 |
Front teat length (Holstein) |
|
0.42 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.29 |
Front teat length |
| FIN |
0.47 |
Length of front teats - side view |
| FRA |
0.30 |
Teat length |
| GBR |
0.33 |
Teat length (Holstein) |
|
0.37 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| HUN |
- |
- |
| ITA |
0.20 |
Teat length |
| NLD |
0.45 |
Teat length |
| NZL |
- |
- |
| POL |
0.23 |
Teat length |
| SWE |
0.30 |
Distance between teat base and tip |
| USA |
0.31 |
Length of front teats (Holstein) |
|
0.26 |
Teat length
(Jersey) |
| ZAF |
0.27 |
Teat length |
|
| Trait: |
Overall conformation |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
0.30 |
General appearance |
| BEL |
0.35 |
Final score (composite trait) |
| CAN |
0.32 |
Final score (individual trait) (Holstein) |
|
0.22 |
-"- (Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.27 |
Final score (composite trait) |
| CHR |
0.34 |
Overall score (composite trait) |
| DEU |
0.25 |
Relative total breeding value for type (RZE) |
| DNK |
0.30 |
Body (Holstein) |
|
0.25 |
-"- (Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.24 |
Final class (individual trait) |
| FIN |
- |
- |
| FRA |
0.30 |
Overall score (composite trait) |
| GBR |
0.33 |
Overall conformation (composite trait) (Holstein) |
|
0.30 |
Total score (Jersey) |
| HUN |
0.20 |
Overall conformation |
| ITA |
0.15 |
Final class (individual trait) |
| NLD |
0.30 |
Overall conformation (composite trait) |
| NZL |
- |
- |
| POL |
0.39 |
Overall conformation score |
| SWE |
0.20 |
Overall conformation (composite trait) |
| USA |
0.31 |
Overall conformation (individual trait) (Holstein) |
|
0.23 |
Final score (Jersey) |
| ZAF |
- |
- |
|
| Trait: |
Overall udder |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
0.30 |
Mammary system |
| BEL |
0.27 |
Overall udder (composite trait) |
| CAN |
0.29 |
Mammary system
(Holstein) |
|
0.22 |
Oveall udder score (Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.22 |
Overall udder (composite trait) |
| CHR |
0.37 |
Composite score for udder |
| DEU |
0.22 |
Overall udder (composite trait) |
| DNK |
0.25 |
Mammary (composite trait) (Holstein) |
|
0.25 |
-"-
(Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.25 |
Mammary system (individual trait) |
| FIN |
- |
- |
| FRA |
0.30 |
Udder score (composite trait) |
| GBR |
0.26 |
Overall udder (composite trait) (Holstein) |
|
0.30 |
-"- (Jersey) |
| HUN |
0.12 |
Overall udder |
| ITA |
0.25 |
Overall udder (composite trait) |
| NLD |
0.35 |
Qualification of the total udder (composite trait) |
| NZL |
0.25 |
All traits pertaining to the udder |
| POL |
0.16 |
Overall udder score |
| SWE |
0.20 |
Overall udder (composite trait) |
| USA |
0.28 |
Overall udder (composite trait) (Holstein) |
|
- |
- (Jersey) |
| ZAF |
- |
- |
|
| Trait: |
Overall feet & legs |
| Country |
h2 |
Definition |
| AUS |
0.21 |
Side view foot diagonal |
| BEL |
0.17 |
Overall feet & legs (composite trait) |
| CAN |
0.21 |
Feet & legs (individual trait) (Holstein) |
|
0.13 |
Overall feet & leg score (Jersey) |
| CHE |
0.12 |
Overall feet & legs (composite trait) |
| CHR |
0.22 |
Composite score for feet and legs |
| DEU |
0.17 |
Overall feet & legs (composite trait) |
| DNK |
0.15 |
Feet and legs (composite trait) (Holstein) |
|
0.15 |
-"- (Jersey) |
| ESP |
0.17 |
Feet and legs (individual trait) |
| FIN |
- |
- |
| FRA |
0.07 |
Feet and legs score (composite trait) |
| GBR |
0.15 |
Overall feet & legs (composite trait) (Holstein) |
|
0.30 |
-"- (Jersey) |
| HUN |
- |
- |
| ITA |
0.15 |
Overall feet & legs (composite trait) |
| NLD |
0.20 |
Set and bone quality of legs, quality of feet, and use of legs
and feet |
| NZL |
- |
- |
| POL |
0.10 |
Overall feet and leg score |
| SWE |
0.20 |
Overall feet & legs |
| USA |
0.15 |
Feet & legs score (Holstein) |
|
- |
-
(Jersey) |
| ZAF |
- |
- |