Table 4. Trait definitions and heritabilities used in national evaluations for
Brown Swiss, Holstein and Jersey conformation as provided by participating countries
(parameters and trait definitions for Holstein and Jersey are identical in Australia
and New Zealand)
AUS=Australia, BEL=Belgium, CAN=Canada, CHE=Switzerland, CHR=Switzerland (Red
Holstein), DEU=Germany, DNK=Denmark, ESP=Spain, FIN=Finland, FRA=France,
GBR=United Kingdom, HUN=Hungary, ITA=Italy, NLD=Netherlands, NZL=New Zealand,
POL=Poland, SWE=Sweden, USA=United States, ZAF=Rep. of South Africa
BROWN SWISS
Trait:	Stature
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	.46	Height at withers
CHE	.42	Height at withers
FRA	.45	Height at sacrum
ITA	.38	Height at withers
NLD	.60	Height at top of spine in between hips
USA	.40	Stature
Trait:	chest width
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	.20	Chest width
CHE	.31	Circumference of chest
FRA	.35	Chest depth
ITA	.13	Front, width and depth of chest
NLD	.30	Width from inside surface between top of front legs
USA	.19	Strength
Trait:	Body depth
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	.30	Capacity (1-18 scale)
CHE	.32	Body depth
FRA	.35	Max distance between top and bottom lines
ITA	.20	Depth of last rib, deepest point of body
NLD	.35	Distance between top of spine and bottom of barrel of last rib
USA	.24	Body depth
Trait:	Angularity
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	.23	Dairy character
CHE	.28	Muscling
FRA	.30	Dairy character
ITA	.16	Degree of angularity
NLD	.35	Angle and openness of ribs, flatness of bone avoiding coarseness
USA	.18	Dairy form
Trait:	Rump angle
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	.18	Rump angle
CHE	.29	Rump angle
FRA	.25	Hip to pins
ITA	.17	Angle of rump from hips to pin (side view)
NLD	.35	Angle from top of pin to top of hip bone
USA	.29	Rump angle
Trait:	Rump width
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	.27	Width at thurls
CHE	.32	Rump width
FRA	.30	Rump width
ITA	-
NLD	.30	Distance between two most posterior points of pin bones
USA	.15	Thurl width
Trait:	Rear legset
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	.15	Rear leg side view
CHE	.21	Hock angle
FRA	.15	Width at hips
ITA	.09	Angle of hock in
NLD	.35	Angle of toe out of rear feet
USA	.16	Rear leg
Trait:	Rear legrear view
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	-
CHE	-
FRA	.20	Overall feet & leg
ITA	-
NLD	.15	Angle measured at front of hock
USA	-
Trait:	Foot angle
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	.10	Foot angle
CHE	-
FRA	.15	Low to steep
ITA	-
NLD	.20	Angle at front of rear hoof from floor of hairline
USA	.09	Foot angle
Trait:	Pasterns
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	.10	Foot angle
CHE	.13	Pasterns
FRA	-
ITA	.06	Pasterns
NLD	.20	Foot angle
USA	-
Trait:	Heel depth
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	.10	Foot angle
CHE	.10	Hoof height
FRA	.15	Shallow to deep
ITA	.25	Height of hoof
NLD	.20	Foot angle
USA	-
Trait:	Fore udder
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	.20	Attachment
CHE	.22	Attachment
FRA	.30	Length: short to long
ITA	.25	Length of attachment between body and fore
NLD	.35	Strength of fore udder attachment to abdominal wall
USA	.20	Fore udder attachement
Trait:	Rear udder height
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	.22	Rear udder height
CHE	.21	Rear udder height
FRA	.25	Distance between vulva and top of secreting tissue
ITA	.17	Distance between vulva and milk secreting tissue
NLD	.35	Distance between pin bones and milk secreting tissue
USA	.20	Rear udder height
Trait:	Rear udder width
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	.20	Rear udder width
CHE	.20	Rear udder width
FRA	.25	Rear udder attachment width
ITA	.22	Distance between the crease between the udder and the legs compering the crease on the other side
NLD	.35	Rear udder height
USA	.17	Read udder width
Trait:	Udder support
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	.20	Median Suspensory
CHE	.26	Suspensory ligament
FRA	.25	Cleft between teats and above
ITA	.13	Depth of median cleft
NLD	.25	Depth of cleft measured at base of udder
USA	.15	Udder cleft
Trait:	Udder depth
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	.33	Udder depth
CHE	.23	Udder depth
FRA	.30	Distance between hocks and the bottom point of udder
ITA	.13	Distance between hock and bottom of udder
NLD	.45	Distance from lowest udder floor to hock
USA	.28	Udder depth
Trait:	Teat placement
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	.25	Fore
CHE	.34	Front
FRA	.30	Distance between fore teats
ITA	.25	Direction of teat
NLD	.45	Front view
USA	.21	Teat placement
Trait:	Teat length
Country	h2	Definition
CAN	-
CHE	.37	Teat length
FRA	.30	Short to long
ITA	.20	Length of teat
NLD	.45	Length of front teat
USA	.31	Teat length
HOLSTEIN AND JERSEY
Trait:	Stature
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	0.45	Height of rump between hips
BEL	0.50	Height of rump between hips
CAN	0.53	Height at hips (Holstein)
	0.42	-"-            (Jersey)
CHE	0.42	Wither height
CHR	0.45	Height at withers
DEU	0.41	Stature
DNK	0.60	Stature (Holstein)
	0.42	-"-     (Jersey)
ESP	0.41	Height at rump between hips
FIN	0.61	Height of the rump between hips
FRA	0.47	Height at Sacrum
GBR	0.48	Stature (Holstein)
	0.44	-"-     (Jersey)
HUN	0.43	Stature
ITA	0.38	Stature
NLD	0.60	Measured in cm from the top of the spine in between hips to ground
NZL	0.40	Hight at the shoulders of the animal
POL	0.63	Stature
SWE	0.35	Height at rump between hip bones
USA	0.42	Distance ground to hip bone/vertebrae (Holstein)
	0.39	Stature                               (Jersey)
ZAF	0.20	Wither height
Trait:	Chest width
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	0.24	Distance between fore legs
BEL	0.20	Distance between fore legs
CAN	0.27	Chest width (Holstein)
	0.16	-"-         (Jersey)
CHE	0.31	Distance between fore legs
CHR	0.20	Distance between fore legs
DEU	0.18	Chest width
DNK	0.18	Chest width (Holstein)
	0.17	-"-         (Jersey)
ESP	0.20	Distance between fore legs
FIN	0.14	Distance between the fore legs
FRA	0.20	Chest width
GBR	0.25	Chest width (Holstein)
	0.18	-"-         (Jersey)
HUN	0.28	Chest width
ITA	0.29	Chest width
NLD	0.30	Measured from the inside surface between the top of the front legs
NZL	0.24	Body depth
POL	0.13	Chest width
SWE	0.20	Width between front legs, between shoulder blades and fore rib
USA	0.31	Width of chest, muzzle, and substance of bone (Holstein)
	0.25	Strength                                      (Jersey)
ZAF	0.08	Chest width
Trait:	Body depth
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	0.24	Depth of the last rib
BEL	0.33	Depth of the last rib
CAN	0.32	Body depth (Holstein)
	0.27	Capacity   (Jersey)
CHE	0.31	Deepest point of the body
CHR	0.36	Depth of the last rib
DEU	0.24	Body depth
DNK	0.31	Body depth (Holstein)
	0.25	-"-        (Jersey)
ESP	0.26	Depth and width of rib cage, side view
FIN	0.25	Depth of the last rib
FRA	0.36	Chest Depth
GBR	0.43	Body depth (Holstein)
	0.27	-"-        (Jersey)
HUN	0.30	Body depth
ITA	0.31	Body depth
NLD	0.35	Distance between top of spine and bottom of barrel at last rib - deepest point
NZL	0.24	Strength and depth of chest and body, viewed from side, rear and front, in relation to physical size
POL	0.15	Body depth
SWE	0.30	Depth at the rear rib
USA	0.37	Depth of rib cage (Holstein)
	0.26	Body depth        (Jersey)
ZAF	0.18	Body depth
Trait:	Angularity
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	0.24	Angularity
BEL	0.32	Angularity
CAN	0.30	Dairy character (Holstein)
	0.21	-"-             (Jersey)
CHE	0.22	Openess and angle of ribs, flatness of bone
CHR	-	-
DEU	0.24	Angularity
DNK	0.31	Dairy form (Holstein)
	0.27	-"-        (Jersey)
ESP	0.28	Sharpness of back and thights, openess of ribs, flatness of bone
FIN	0.12	Openness and angle of the ribs
FRA	0.20	Angularity
GBR	0.33	Angularity (Holstein)
	0.29	-"-        (Jersey)
HUN	0.26	Angularity
ITA	0.31	Angularity
NLD	0.35	The angle and openess of the ribs, combined with flatness of bone avoiding coarseness
NZL	-	-
POL	0.37	Angularity
SWE	0.35	Dairyness
USA	0.29	Dairy Form (Holstein)
	0.23	-"-        (Jersey)
ZAF	0.14	Dairy form
Trait:	Rump angle
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	0.24	Angle of the rump from hips to pins
BEL	0.28	Angle of the rump from hips to pins
CAN	0.43	Rump angle (Holstein)
	0.15	-"-        (Jersey)
CHE	0.40	Angle of the rump from hips to pins
CHR	0.37	Angle of the rump from hips to pins, side view
DEU	0.26	Rump angle
DNK	0.32	Rump, side view (Holstein)
	0.29	Rump angle      (Jersey)
ESP	0.30	Angle of the rump from hips to pins
FIN	0.30	Angle of the rump from hips to pins
FRA	0.34	Rump angle
GBR	0.31	Rump angle (Holstein)
	0.29	-"-        (Jersey)
HUN	0.28	Rump angle
ITA	0.25	Rump angle
NLD	0.35	Measured as the angle from the top of the pin to the top of the hip bone
NZL	0.24	Angle of a line between the centre of the hips and the top of the pins
POL	0.25	Rump angle
SWE	0.35	Slope from hips to pins
USA	0.33	Angle of the rump structure from hooks to pins (Holstein)
	0.31	Rump angle                                     (Jersey)
ZAF	0.15	Rump angle
Trait:	Rump width
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	0.24	Distance between pins
BEL	0.28	Distance between pins
CAN	0.34	Width at pins   (Holstein)
	0.23	Width at thurls (Jersey)
CHE	0.51	Distance between pins
CHR	0.24	Distance between pins
DEU	0.28	Rump width
DNK	0.27	Rump width (Holstein)
	0.32	-"-        (Jersey)
ESP	0.28	Distance between pins
FIN	0.29	Distance between pins
FRA	0.32	Width at Hips
GBR	0.30	Rump width (Holstein)
	0.25	-"-        (Jersey)
HUN	0.21	Rump width
ITA	0.29	Rump width
NLD	0.30	The distance between the most posterior point of pin bones
NZL	0.23	Width of pins, hips and thurls relative to the size
POL	0.24	Rump width
SWE	0.30	Distance between pins
USA	0.26	Distance between inside wall of pins (Holstein)
	0.20	Thurl width                          (Jersey)
ZAF	0.17	Thurl width
Trait:	Rear legset
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	0.17	Side view of the angle of the hock in the rear leg
BEL	0.19	Side view of the angle of the hock in the rear leg
CAN	0.26	Rear legs side view (Holstein)
	0.15	-"-                 (Jersey)
CHE	0.16	Side view of the angle of the hock in the rear leg
CHR	0.27	Side view of the angle of the hock in the rear leg
DEU	0.15	Rear leg set
DNK	0.23	Rear legs side view (Holstein)
	0.14	-"-                 (Jersey)
ESP	0.17	Side view of the angle of the hock in the rear leg
FIN	0.26	Angle of the hock in the rear leg; side view
FRA	0.07	Rear leg set
GBR	0.20	Rear leg set (Holstein)
	0.18	-"-          (Jersey)
HUN	0.13	Rear leg set
ITA	0.16	Rear leg set
NLD	0.35	Angle measured at the front of the hock
NZL	0.07	Straightness or curvature of the back legs
POL	0.12	Rear leg set
SWE	0.20	Hock angle, side view
USA	0.21	Amount of set to the hock joint (Holstein)
	0.10	Rear legs                       (Jersey)
ZAF	0.07	Rear leg set
Trait:	Rear legrear view
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	-	-
BEL	-	-
CAN	0.10	Rear leg rear view (Holstein)
	-	-                  (Jersey)
CHE	0.12	Rear leg rear view
CHR	-	-
DEU	0.15	Angle of toe out of the rear feet
DNK	0.13	Rear leg rear view (Holstein)
	0.12	-"-                (Jersey)
ESP	0.12	Rear leg rear view
FIN	0.12	Amount of hock-in and/or toe-out
FRA	0.10	Locomotion
GBR	0.10	Locomotion (Holstein)
	-	-          (Jersey)
HUN	0.05	Rear leg rear view
ITA	0.15	Rear leg rear view
NLD	0.15	The angle of toe out of the rear feet
NZL	-	-
POL	-	-
SWE	0.20	Parallellity of hind legs
USA	0.15	Amount of hock-in and/or toe-out (Holstein)
	-	-                                (Jersey)
ZAF	-	-
Trait:	Foot angle
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	0.21	Side view foot diagonal
BEL	0.14	Foot angle
CAN	0.13	Foot angle (Holstein)
	0.09	-"-        (Jersey)
CHE	0.11	Heel depth
CHR	0.22	Foot angle
DEU	0.12	Foot angle
DNK	0.13	Foot angle (Holstein)
	0.09	-"-        (Jersey)
ESP	0.14	Side view of the rear foot angle
FIN	0.11	Angle between ground and front of the rear foot; side view
FRA	0.10	Heel depth
GBR	0.14	Foot angle (Holstein)
	0.25	-"-        (Jersey)
HUN	0.08	Foot angle
ITA	0.18	Foot angle
NLD	0.20	Angle at the front of the rear hoof measured from the floor to the hairline
NZL	-	-
POL	0.17	Foot angle
SWE	0.20	Toe angle formed by slope of upper claw and sole
USA	0.15	Steepness of the angle of the foot (Holstein)
	0.10	Foot angle                         (Jersey)
ZAF	0.11	Foot angle
Trait:	Fore udder
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	0.24	Strength and quality of attachment between body and fore udder - side view
BEL	0.24	Strength of attachment between body and fore udder
CAN	0.27	Fore udder attachment (Holstein)
	0.20	-"-                   (Jersey)
CHE	0.22	Strength and quality of attachment between body and fore udder - side view
CHR	0.31	Attachment between body and fore udder
DEU	0.21	Fore udder
DNK	0.24	Fore udder attachement (Holstein)
	0.25	-"-                    (Jersey)
ESP	0.21	Strength and quality of attachment between body and fore udder
FIN	0.28	Strength and quality of attachment between body and fore udder; side view
FRA	0.20	Fore udder attachement
GBR	0.21	Fore udder (Holstein)
	0.24	-"-        (Jersey)
HUN	0.14	Fore udder
ITA	0.15	Fore udder
NLD	0.35	The strength of attachment of the fore udder to the abdominal wall
NZL	0.21	How well the front udder is attached to the body wall
POL	0.17	Fore udder
SWE	0.30	Strength of attachement
USA	0.29	Strength of the udder attachment to the body wall by lateral ligaments (Holstein)
	0.22	Fore udder attachement                                                 (Jersey)
ZAF	0.08	Fore udder
Trait:	Rear udder height
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	0.27	Distance between vulva and milk secreting tissue
BEL	0.27	Distance between vulva and milk secreting tissue
CAN	0.24	Rear udder height (Holstein)
	0.21	-"-               (Jersey)
CHE	0.24	Distance between vulva and milk secreting tissue
CHR	0.36	Distance between vulva and milk secreting tissue
DEU	0.22	Rear udder heigth
DNK	0.15	Rear udder height (Holstein)
	0.17	-"-               (Jersey)
ESP	0.22	Distance between vulva and milk secreting tissue
FIN	0.27	Distance between vulva and milk secreting tissue
FRA	0.20	Rear udder heigth
GBR	0.27	Rear udder heigth (Holstein)
	0.25	-"-               (Jersey)
HUN	0.15	Distance between highest point of udder and middle point of hock-pin line
ITA	0.20	Rear udder heigth
NLD	0.35	The distance between the pin bones and the milk secreting tissue, in relation to the height of the animal
NZL	0.24	Height and width of the rear udder attachment as distinct from udder support
POL	0.23	Read udder height
SWE	0.35	Distance between base of vulva and top of milk secreting tissue
USA	0.28	Point of rear udder attachment (Holstein)
	0.26	Rear udder height              (Jersey)
ZAF	0.14	Rear udder height
Trait:	Udder support
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	0.27	Cleft of udder
BEL	0.20	Ligament
CAN	0.15	Median suspensory (Holstein)
	0.22	-"-               (Jersey)
CHE	0.26	Cleft of udder
CHR	0.34	Visibility of suspensory ligament
DEU	0.13	Udder support
DNK	0.19	Udder cleft (Holstein)
	0.17	-"-         (Jersey)
ESP	0.17	Cleft of udder
FIN	0.22	Suspensory ligament
FRA	0.26	Udder cleft
GBR	0.23	Udder support (Holstein)
	0.14	-"-           (Jersey)
HUN	0.12	Udder support
ITA	0.15	Udder support
NLD	0.25	The depth of cleft, measured at the base of the udder
NZL	0.23	Strength of the suspensory ligament as viewed from the rear
POL	0.12	Udder support
SWE	0.15	Depth of udder cleft, strength of ligament
USA	0.24	Depth of the cleft through the front and rear udder (Holstein)
	0.20	Suspensory ligament                                 (Jersey)
ZAF	0.09	Udder support
Trait:	Udder depth
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	0.24	Distance between hock and bottom of udder
BEL	0.27	Distance between hock and bottom of udder
CAN	0.39	Udder depth (Holstein)
	0.33	-"-         (Jersey)
CHE	0.28	Distance between hock and bottom of udder
CHR	0.34	Distance between hock and bottom of udder
DEU	0.26	Udder depth
DNK	0.36	Udder depth (Holstein)
	0.37	-"-         (Jersey)
ESP	0.30	Distance between hock and bottom of udder
FIN	0.32	Distance between hock and bottom of udder
FRA	0.35	Udder-hocks distance
GBR	0.34	Udder depth (Holstein)
	0.33	-"-         (Jersey)
HUN	0.27	Udder depth
ITA	0.29	Udder depth
NLD	0.45	The distance of the lowest udder floor to the hock
NZL	-	-
POL	0.21	Udder depth
SWE	0.20	Distance between udder base and hock
USA	0.28	Distance between hock and udder floor (Holstein)
	0.38	Udder depth                           (Jersey)
ZAF	0.15	Udder depth
Trait:	Teat placement
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	0.33	Placement of front teats - front view
BEL	0.32	Placement of front teats
CAN	0.31	Front teat placement (Holstein)
	0.27	-"-                  (Jersey)
CHE	0.43	Placement of front teats
CHR	0.48	Placement of front teats - front view
DEU	0.22	Teat placement
DNK	0.40	Front teat placement (Holstein)
	0.41	-"-                  (Jersey)
ESP	0.25	Distance between front teats
FIN	0.15	Placement of front teats; front view
FRA	0.30	Front teat placement
GBR	0.28	Teat placement      (Holstein)
	0.34	Rear teat placement (Jersey)
HUN	0.20	Teat placement
ITA	0.22	Teat placement
NLD	0.45	The position of the center of the front teat at the point of the udder - front view
NZL	0.28	Placement of the front teats relative to the centre of the quarters as viewed from the rear
POL	0.20	Teat placement
SWE	0.20	Placement of teat on the udder quarter
USA	0.26	Placement of front teats viewed from the rear (Holstein)
	0.24	Front teat placement                          (Jersey)
ZAF	0.17	Teat placement
Trait:	Teat length
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	0.24	Length of front teats - side view
BEL	0.29	Length of front teats
CAN	0.30	Front teat length (Holstein)
	-	-                 (Jersey)
CHE	0.40	Length of front teats - side view
CHR	0.51	Length of front teats - side view
DEU	0.25	Teat length
DNK	0.41	Front teat length (Holstein)
	0.42	-"-               (Jersey)
ESP	0.29	Front teat length
FIN	0.38	Length of front teats; side view
FRA	0.30	Teat length
GBR	0.33	Teat length (Holstein)
	0.37	-"-         (Jersey)
HUN	0.25	Teat length
ITA	0.20	Teat length
NLD	0.45	The length of the front teat
NZL	-	-
POL	0.23	Teat length
SWE	0.30	Distance between teat base and tip
USA	0.31	Length of front teats (Holstein)
	0.26	Teat length           (Jersey)
ZAF	0.27	Teat length
Trait:	Overall conformation
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	0.30	General appearance
BEL	0.35	Final score (composite trait)
CAN	0.32	Final score (individual trait) (Holstein)
	0.22	-"-                            (Jersey)
CHE	0.27	Final score (composite trait)
CHR	0.34	Overall score (composite trait)
DEU	0.25	Relative total breeding value for type (RZE)
DNK	0.30	Body (Holstein)
	0.25	-"-  (Jersey)
ESP	0.24	Final class (individual trait)
FIN	-	-
FRA	0.30	Overall score (composite trait)
GBR	0.33	Overall conformation (composite trait) (Holstein)
	0.30	Total score                            (Jersey)
HUN	0.20	Overall conformation
ITA	0.15	Final class (individual trait)
NLD	0.30	Overall conformation (composite trait)
NZL	-	-
POL	0.39	Overall conformation score
SWE	0.20	Overall conformation (composite trait)
USA	0.31	Overall conformation (individual trait) (Holstein)
	0.23	Final score                             (Jersey)
ZAF	-	-
Trait:	Overall udder
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	0.30	Mammary system
BEL	0.27	Overall udder (composite trait)
CAN	0.29	Mammary system     (Holstein)
	0.22	Oveall udder score (Jersey)
CHE	0.22	Overall udder (composite trait)
CHR	0.37	Composite score for udder
DEU	0.22	Overall udder (composite trait)
DNK	0.25	Mammary (composite trait) (Holstein)
	0.25	-"-                       (Jersey)
ESP	0.25	Mammary system (individual trait)
FIN	-	-
FRA	0.30	Udder score (composite trait)
GBR	0.26	Overall udder (composite trait) (Holstein)
	0.30	-"-                             (Jersey)
HUN	0.12	Overall udder
ITA	0.25	Overall udder (composite trait)
NLD	0.35	Qualification of the total udder
NZL	0.25	All traits pertaining to the udder
POL	0.16	Overall udder score
SWE	0.20	Overall udder (composite trait)
USA	0.28	Overall udder (composite trait) (Holstein)
	-	-                               (Jersey)
ZAF	-	-
Trait:	Overall feet & legs
Country	h2	Definition
AUS	0.21	Side view foot diagonal
BEL	0.17	Overall feet & legs (composite trait)
CAN	0.21	Feet & legs (individual trait) (Holstein)
	0.13	Overall feet & leg score       (Jersey)
CHE	0.12	Overall feet & legs (composite trait)
CHR	0.22	Composite score for feet and legs
DEU	0.17	Overall feet & legs (composite trait)
DNK	0.15	Feet and legs (composite trait) (Holstein)
	0.15	-"-                             (Jersey)
ESP	0.17	Feet and legs (individual trait)
FIN	-	-
FRA	0.10	Locomotion
GBR	0.15	Overall feet & legs (composite trait) (Holstein)
	0.30	-"-                                   (Jersey)
HUN	0.15	Overall feet & legs
ITA	0.15	Overall feet & legs (composite trait)
NLD	0.20	Set and bone quality of legs, quality of feet, and use of legs and feet
NZL	-	-
POL	0.10	Overall feet and leg score
SWE	0.20	Overall feet & legs
USA	0.15	Feet & legs score (Holstein)
	-	-                 (Jersey)
ZAF	-	-